U.S. Government Economic Inequality an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

U.S. Government Economic Inequality by Expert Prof Akunga | 26 Dec 2016 The Role of U.S. Government in the Creation of Economic Inequality Economic inequality refers to the disproportionate distribution of economic assets and income. There is no debate about the U.S. being one of the wealthiest nations because of the wealth it amassed through its concept of corporate capitalism (Gutman, 2002). However, the U.S. also has the greatest disparity in the distribution of wealth. Albeit American corporations earned profits in huge amounts and mushroomed in every part of the world, the American worker did not benefit from it. The wages of these workers remained flat or declining since 1978 (Gutman, 2002). Need essay sample on "U.S. Government & Economic Inequality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There are three main causes for the disparity in the distribution of wealth, i.e. capitalism, government and pay (Gutman, 2002). The dynamics of capitalism is to make the rich, richer. The inherent mechanism of capitalism is to multiply wealth at a faster rate for those with more assets than those with less. To offset and balance the effect of concentration of wealth, two methods are employed to even out the disparity in wealth. The first one is by levying taxes and the second, by government spending. People Often Tell Us: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists recommend: Find Your Helping Hand Here! Custom Essay Helper Professional Writing Services Grab My Essay Review Cheap Custom Writing Service When taxes are levied, money is taken from the people. Income is redistributed when taxes are levied and collected. Government thereafter spends taxes to implement its programs. This in effect, returns money to the people in terms of public services and social programs. The persons or classes of entities against who the tax shall be levied, at what extent, and the manner by which the government would spend it, are matters entirely within the scope of the government policy and decision. The policy direction taken towards these decisions will have implications on redistribution of wealth. For instance, the trend in former Presidents tax policies including the current President is to implement tax cuts which actually took funds out of social services and benefited the wealthy people. Moreover, the taxes imposed and levied on the wealthy people were reduced in many ways and consequently, the social security tax and health care for elderly are absorbed by the working class (Gutman, 2002). In 1993, it was former President Clinton who made an exception by taxing the wealthy more. Fewer funds are allocated for education, housing, social services and health care which the working class and the poor rely on. The worst part is that cuts are also made not only from the services but also in terms of taxes. The result is that the rich becomes richer and the poor, poorer with the tax plan and program of the Government (Gutman, 2002). It is believed that capitalism makes the rich thrive. The American tax policies on the other hand, are deliberately twisted to benefit the rich by taking from the middle class and the poor and give it to the wealthy segment of the society (Gutman, 2002). The third cause of economic inequality is pay. Corporate executives earn five hundred times than the average worker (Gutman, 2002).There is a great disparity between the highest paid levels as compared to the lowest level. These executives manage their companies for the sole purpose of enriching themselves. They are against any increase in the minimum wage level. There is too much greed in the corporate executives, their investment bankers, accountants and other executive staff that their guiding principle is only to benefit themselves. The adjustments made to wage because of inflation was not enough. In addition, good paying jobs have disappeared and the low paying service jobs increased. Thus, wages are flat and have not kept in level with the inflation rate. The minimum wage is said to be below federal poverty line. In response to the clamor of increasing minimum wage, several states enacted their version of the Minimum Wage Act. In addition, the labor unions which used to be effective during the 1960s now only comprise 10%. The effectiveness of labor unions has decreased through the years. Union activities such as strikes are helpful in securing better employment opportunities and benefits for their members. The manner by which the Reagan Administration resolved the strike of air traffic controllers before sent signals to the labor sector that discouraged labor union activities. The air traffic controllers who went on strike were actually dismissed and replaced by new workers (News Batch web site, 2008). There are also states which have no labor union organizations because of their right to work provisions whereby compulsory union memberships are proscribed by law (News Batch web site, 2008). The management side has successfully discouraged unions because of the slow and long delays during the election certification process before the National Labor Relations Board. There is also the absence of any legislative move to correct and address this problem. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) may have increased through the years but still such increase was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in wages. It has been reported that increases were limited to the jobs with a higher level of education. The upper 20% only benefit from wage increases (News Batch web site, 2008). As a consequence of this, there emerged economic segregation including in the residences. The lower income groups were branded as underclass and with the conspicuous consumption of the upper class, changed public attitudes. This resulted in unnecessary spending and consumption, high rate of debts and bankruptcy to be at par with the class status. Another cause of economic inequality is globalization. This global phenomenon has placed American workers. The first ones who were disadvantaged were those in manufacturing industries because of an unrealistically low level of income in other countries where labor is outsourced. Some sectors claim that this have negative effects on U.S. wages. The Government has failed in providing protection to the manufacturing sector (News Batch web site, 2008). There is also a noted laxity in the regulation of economic institutions. The economy is dominated by wealthy lobbyists who try to sway and influence the enactment of laws and regulations to favor and benefit them. This type of manipulation was evident during the 1980s banking scandals. Government at that time allowed banking institutions to lend large sums of money at high interest rates to investors (News Batch web site, 2008). These transactions should have been monitored by the Federal Deposit Regulatory Commission (FDRC) but which was undermanned and was politically pressured and interfered to with its functions. The Government was forced to bailout these wealthy depositors when numerous entities failed. The bailout was taken from the Federal Reserve but which in the effect was absorbed and borne by ordinary taxpayers. In bridging the widening gap between the rich and the poor, Government must take a proactive role in protecting sectors of the society. It must balance government spending with imposition of levies. Taxes should be more progressive so that the burden can be apportioned more equitably between the rich and poor. Government spending should not favor the rich sector of the society; it should use the funds for social service programs. Aside from proper tax policies and programs, the Government through its Legislature should enact laws that grant protective mechanism for the labor sector of the society. It should endeavor to rationalize the minimum wage in keeping with the poverty level of the country. It should also grant incentives to middle and smaller business enterprises and not concentrate only in large corporations. References Gutman, H. Economic inequality in the U.S. Common Dreams web site. Retrieved on May 1, 2008. News Batch web site. Economic inequality. Retrieved on May 1, 2008

Sugars Symphony essays

Sugars Symphony essays Some have coined music as a universal language. Perhaps, the complexity of the notes, the consistency of the beat, the array of instruments, or the flow of lyricism offers this universal appeal. Nevertheless, the unique composition of each song enables it to sustain its own magnetic aura, much like the musical implication in Lewis Nordan's Music of the Swamp. Though, many argue Nordan's piece suggests merely a collection of short stories rather than a novel, Nordan uses his singsong methodology- a "novel-in-stories"- to incorporate an anthology of his transformative memory- an autobiography of the way it was. By examining the structure of Music of the Swamp, it can be broken into a series of short stories, though it is described by some as a "'novel-in-stories'" (Dupuy 1). Although the novel is divided into three parts and an epilogue, each chapter within each part relates a different episode throughout the childhood of Nordan's main character Sugar Mecklin. The first part begins in third person, while Nordan presents the rest of the sections in first person. Critic Edward Dupuy believes that considering the novel as a short story collective makes the part "...in the third person less engaging, and somewhat disconnected to the others. If seen as a "novel-in-stories, however, the first part serves as a type of overture to the opera that follows..." (Dupuy 3). This musical analogy suggests the ideas of the novel flow, though the novel itself is structured as a compilation of differentiable events. Nordan actually accredits a musical influence as a determining factor in writing his prose. In an interview with Sam Staggs, Nordan mentions that the "'the rhythms of nursery rhymes and songs'" are a significant inspiration in his writing (Staggs 1). In fact, he includes an assortment of songs throughout the novel to articulate the emotions felt during a specific occurrence in his main character's, and perhaps his own, early ...

Using If-Then-Else and Switch in Conditional Statements

Using If-Then-Else and Switch in Conditional Statements Conditional statements in a computer program support decisions based on a certain condition. If the condition is met, or true, a certain piece of code is executed. For example, you want to convert user-entered text to lowercase. Execute the code only if the user entered capitalized text. If not, you dont want to execute the code because it will lead to a runtime error. There are two main conditional statements used in Java:  the if-then and  if-then-else statements, and the switch statement. The If-Then and If-Then-Else Statements The most basic flow control statement in Java is if-then: if [something] is true, do [something]. This statement is a good choice for simple decisions. The basic structure of an if statement starts with the word if, followed by the statement to test, followed by curly braces that wrap the action to take if the statement is true. It looks like this: if (  statement  ) {// do something here....} This statement can also be extended to do something else if the condition is false: if (  statement  ) { // do something here...}else {// do something else...} For example, if you are determining whether someone is old enough to drive, you might have a statement that says if your age is 16 or older, you can drive; else, you cannot drive. int age 17;if age 16 {System.out.println(You can drive.);}else  {System.out.println(You are not old enough to drive.) There is no limit to the number of else statements you can add.   Conditional Operators In the example above, we used a single operator. These are the standard operators you can use: equal to: less than: more than: greater than or equal to: less than or equal to: In addition to these, there are four more operators used with conditional statements: and: not:!  or: ||is equal to:    For example, the driving age is considered to be from age 16 to age 85, in which case the AND operator can be used. else if ( age 16   age 85 ) This will return true only if both conditions are met. The operators NOT, OR, and IS EQUAL TO can be used in a similar way. The Switch Statement The switch statement provides an effective way to deal with a section of code that could branch in multiple directions based on a single variable. It does not support the conditional operators the if-then statement does, nor can it handle multiple variables. It is, however, a preferable choice when the condition will be met by a single variable because it can improve performance and is easier to maintain.   Heres an example: switch ( single_variable ) {case value://code_here;break;case value://code_here;break;default://set a default;} Note that you start with the switch, provide a single variable and then set out your choices using the term case. The keyword break completes each case of the switch statement. The default value is optional, but good practice. For example, this switch prints the lyric of the song  Twelve Days of Christmas  given a provided day. int day 5; String lyric ;  // empty string to hold the lyric switch (day) {case 1: lyric A partridge in a pear tree.;break;case 2:lyric 2 turtle doves;break;case 3:lyric 3 French hens;break;case 4:lyric 4 calling birds;break;case 5:lyric 5 gold rings;break;case 6:lyric 6 geese-a-laying;break;case 7:lyric 7 swans-a-swimming;break;case 8:lyric 8 maids-a-milking;break;case 9:lyric 9 ladies dancing;break;case 10:lyric 10 Lords-a-leaping;break;case 11:lyric 11 pipers piping;break;case 12:lyric 12 drummers drumming;break;default:lyric There are only 12 days.;break;}System.out.println(lyric); In this example, the value to test is an integer. Java SE 7 and later support a string object in the expression. For example:String day second;String lyric ;  // empty string to hold the lyric switch (day) {case first:lyric A partridge in a pear tree.;break;case second:lyric 2 turtle doves;break;case third:lyric 3 French hens;break;// etc.

Compare and contrast financial and managerial accounting Essay

Compare and contrast financial and managerial accounting - Essay Example This memo outlines the differences between managerial accounting and financial accounting and the Managerial Reports and Usefulness in Decision Making. The reports presented in this memo comprise of product cost reports, budget reports, performance report, order information report and the business opportunity report. Differences between Managerial and Financial Accounting Given the fact that one of the duties of a manager is to plan; then it stipulates that management accounting has a solid emphasis on the future. On the other hand, financial accounting fundamentally gives summaries of the previous financial transactions. The summaries might be very important in the planning process, but only to a particular point. In this perspective, the future might not be a replication of the transactions that took place previously. Modifications are regularly taking place in the fiscal conditions thus the modifications call for planning which is based to a large extent on estimates of the transa ctions that will take place as opposed to the summaries of the transactions that have already taken place (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2010). Financial accounting information is always anticipated to b verifiable and objective. Nonetheless, for internal purpose the manager demands data that is significant even if it is not totally verifiable or objective. By virtue of relevance, it implies that appropriate for the challenge at hand. For instance, it is hard to ascertain that estimated volume of sales for a proposed expansion of business into the foreign country but this is precisely the kind of data that is prevalently useful to managers in the process of decision making. On the other hand management accounting information system must be adequately elastic to give any kind of information that is appropriate for any specific decision (Teale, 2003). Managerial Reports and Usefulness in Decision Making There are various managerial reports which are used in making important decisions in business. Such reports comprise of cost reports, Performance reports, budget reports, business opportunity reports and order reports. These types of reports have various uses in decision making process. Cost Reports Management accounting makes calculations of the cost of goods and services being produced. This is possible through accumulation of costs of raw products, costs of overheads, labor costs and any other extra costs that might be put into consideration. The entire costs are then divided by the quantity of the products produced where the information is put into a cost report. Cost reports are significant methods for firms to adapt or learn which areas of a business are potentially profitable and areas that costs more money. When cost reports are made prior to the beginning of a project, they give an efficient estimate of the likely cost of a project thus allowing the manager to plan and estimate the profit margin. Whenever the cost reports are made after the project has been finalized one can get a better insight of the maximum costs and the profit expected from the project. Use of the Report This type of report gives the managers the ability to see the constituent cost prices of products against the selling prices thus enabling them to determine the profit margin. Efficient cost reports gives quality information to enable managers see the significance

Hurling alone critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hurling alone critique - Essay Example Demographic analysis shows that famines has led to the changes in lifestyles and behavior of those of Irish ancestry and, when mixed with stressful environment, this lifestyle is likely to lead to cardiovascular disease. In addition, the article points to the racial approach to various diseases, as some ethnic groups have more obvious predisposition to a certain disease (ibid). As for me, the main controversy underlies in two aforementioned statements: on the one hand, socioeconomic status contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, but racial and ethnic factors are also included, so the real reason for posing Irish people as a risk group is quite vague. Another problem is in comparison itself is the narrowness of analysis: the scholars in fact, attempted to match socioeconomic and health factors, but spoke very little about lifestyle factors and the other important characteristics of each group. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors were reduced to employment and or the presence of another source of income, whereas they have forgotten about the huge Irish heritage, extrapolated to the United States by immigrants: job patterns and perceptions, the overall 'careerism' and the ability to spend leisure time effectively and usefully.

South Africa Essay Example for Free

South Africa Essay The population of South Africa was classified into four groups which was the Black, White, Indian, and Colored. The Colored group included people regarded as being of mixed descent including people of Bantu, and European ancestry and much more. Knowing that Apartheid was a system of laws created to keep the white population in control. The Group Areas act of 1951 controlled people where they could of live. The black where driven far away from their city, although their jobs were still in the cities in the white neighborhood. The Bantu education Act meant that the black students were disadvantaged with their education. â€Å"Bus fares were expensive and catching public transport everyday was expensive and caused hardship and depression for the black people. † (Wikipedia) The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of privileged conduct for whites. On the other hand, the white population supported apartheid because they felt it was there to own the land of South Africa. There were many white pro apartheid people because of the much larger population of black South Africans causing the white people to believe that if the black were given rights and freedom, they would of no longer have political power. The white people were worried because they thought that their race would be taken over and they would lose the control that they always had. As a final point, In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela and began the exclusion of the Apartheid system. In 1992 a white council approved the reform process and on April 27, 1994 the first democratic elections were held in South Africa with people of all different races being able to vote. After the Apartheid came to an end in South Africa, people had more freedom. The Africans now have a little more money now that it’s not all going to the white. South Africa is now peaceful and the anniversary of the elections, which was held on April 27, is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa known as Freedom Day.

Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment of

The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the "Old Regime" and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their controversial ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. "The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplines and contentions of theology, turned to what they called "natural philosophy," namely, the faith in individual reason rather than in divine revelation; they welcomed the excitement offered by the ever widening opportunities for discovery and commerce and by the prospect of immeasurable progress owing to the inventions of science and technology and the spread of education."1 Religious toleration during the Age of Enlightenment was ultimately affected by changes in the Roman Catholic Church, the politics of the 18th century, and the philosophy movement. Enlightenment was a term, which was used to describe a new philosophy of life. "It was a time when man, stepping, out of his shackles, began to use his rational facilities †¦ and shoved aside the state and church authorities."2 Individuals began to rely on their own instincts in order to realize that there were certain civil liberties that should be provided to them, that they were not receiving. Religious freedom was one of these civil liberties.... ...f Church and State destroyed many monarchies and permitted democracy. 1 Nicolson, Harold. The Mainstream of the Modern World: The Age of Reason. Edited by John Gunther. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company Inc.,1961),19. 2 Pacini, David S. The Cunning of the Modern Religious Thought. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,1987),35. 3 Pacini, 36. 4 Hooker, Richard. "Martin Luther." http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER/HTM. (14Feb2000). 5 Nicolson, 40. 6 Pacini, 46. 7 Grell, Peter, Bob Scribner, ed. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996),69. 8 Brians, Paul. "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: The Social Contract (1762)." http://www.sgc.peachnet.edu/users/rreiman/www/time/rousseau.htm (14Feb2000). 9 Brians 10 Brians 11 Grell,167 12 Grell,168

Math Is Worth Learning

Every person on this planet earth needs to know at least simple math to live a normal life style. Learning math can be a daunting task when you do not have the right tools or the right materials, especially if you grew up believing that math is hard and that you will never understand it. All humans need to get rid of any negative thinking that teachers, friends, or even a caring relative helped you build over the years and start believing in yourself. Learning Simple math is worthwhile because every job opportunity, every household responsibly, and most every personal interest involves mathematics to some degree, also with math you can know many pattern recognition and application to basic skills. Math is about recognizing patterns, and patterns occur in everything from traffic to weather to eating and sleeping. It is obvious that these pattern-containing topics affect a person’s daily life. Patterns also occur in nature – in the ripples on the surface of a pond, in the sun’s path across the sky, and even in snowflakes, zebra stripes, and broccoli buds. Though these patterns occur in such ways that an understanding of them is not necessary for survival or success in life, it is important to consider that mathematics are essential to even the most overlooked details. Math gives order and structure to what would otherwise be random and chaotic. Who can deny the importance of mathematics when human genetics rely on them? Thus, in these examples, it can be seen that math is everywhere, even if math is not necessary for survival. Having a general understanding of mathematics yields to immeasurable benefits. Math can be put to use in the grocery store and at the mall but also while watching television or reading the newspaper. For example, without mathematics, grocery shopping becomes much more expensive than it has to be. A person without knowledge of mathematics may assume that bulk purchases save money, but this is not an intelligent assumption; according to an article in the Sunday Times, 2010, buying in bulk is often intentionally made more expensive that buying individually. Specifically, â€Å"the newspaper found that the difference can be as much as 30%! † When applying for credit cards, many customers do not take into account the interest rates they are being charged. Many do not understand where their credit scores come from! Similarly, a weak statistics background may mislead an ad reader into believing a faulty success rate. For example, the fact that â€Å"eight out of ten women prefer† a specific brand of shampoo is not a valid reason to purchase it. What if two of the women surveyed lost all of their hair or developed a skin disease as a result of using this brand? How would the statistics look if the reader knew the whole story? Even for merely common-sense purposes, a general understanding of mathematics is necessary. The vast majority of high school and college students despise mathematics; it is difficult for this majority to realize that various seemingly-unrelated areas of study include math as a foundation. Music, art/design, and even athletics are built on mathematics. A pianist can benefit from patterns and sequences when composing much the same way that a golfer can benefit from math-based physics, trigonometry, and even statistics when driving. No matter which avenue a student pursues, math will somehow be present. It is not only the responsibility of a nurse, an engineer, or a physicist to know mathematics. Rather, it is in each student’s best interest that they apply, or at least consider, mathematics in all areas of life. The universal language of the world is math, and people have been using it for thousands of years across the world. Today’s society would not be in existence without the application of mathematics. By there example we now know why does simple math apply to most of the population. Without math our lives would be very different, and difficult In closing, I think that ideally, every person should strive for proficiency in as many different academic disciplines as possible. In a perfect society, everyone would be intelligent and posses the ability to succeed in any endeavor. Realistically this is completely impossible. With this being said, I think that it is more important to focus on an individual’s strengths instead of attempting to exploit his or her weaknesses. I enjoy math, and have traditionally done well in it. However, this does not imply that others should feel the same. Everyone has different talents and abilities and should not be penalized for a lack of ability or interest in a specific area of study. All individuals must be responsible for their academic choices but should also be encouraged to challenge themselves to reach their full potential.

Of Morality and Spirituality Essay

The moral sacred Philippines started from a dream, and now that it continues to progress it can be one good evidence that as long as someone believes in an idea, it can be possible. As long as its aim is for the goodness of the citizens, it can be a reality. This concept does not want to create a world of perfection but rather a world of morality and spirituality. That world is where we can clearly distinguish the right ones from the bad. It is where we can not only think about ourselves but also the community, the government, and the nation. This dream can all be possible if we just go and believe that the land where we stand can be a better habitat of mankind. From Genesis 1:27, God created mankind in His own image. This verse proves that each of us is spiritual at heart. We just have to go and find the path through our hearts. We are created in His likeness which gives us the realization that all living things have something good in the inside. If we believe, make something to make this work, the moral sacred Philippines will make sense. A. WRITING AS A SOCIAL ACT The event connects with how writing can be a social act. In the said event, one does not only think about himself but also for the people around him. As for writing, a writer does not only write for him or for him to understand but also for his readers and audience. You write alone, but you always write for others. Readers matter. Once a writer sets his or her thoughts to any medium, whether paper, blog, status update, there is the potential for audience interaction. Ideas and creativity are created outside ourselves. Writers can never be more creative without the experiences and thoughts the people have. They continue to interact with people. Writing is a social act. Writers choose to see the beauty and brilliance of the world around them. Writing is nothing without the world and mind that surrounds them. B. WRITING AS A MORAL ACT Morality and spirituality is what the event focuses on. As for writing, writers do not only write everything that flows from their thinking, he must be careful. Something that anyone who writes words of any kind would do well to remember. Words have their moral consequences. The responsibility is particularly great for writers who deal with spiritual issues. Every word they write leaves its mark upon their soul and upon the souls of those who read their work. Their words may become sacraments, visible signs of an invisible grace, or they may turn to poison and ashes. It may signify the abyss or nothing at all. Writers must strive against mediocrity in one’s work, aiming always higher for lucidity of thought and beauty of expression with still being careful with the words they use. Every piece they make has an effect in this world. They are part of our moral conversation as a society. They weigh in. The creation of literature worthy not only its high artistic calling but of his stature as a creature created in the image and likeness of God.

buy custom Mental Healthcare Bill Affecting Social Workers essay

buy custom Mental Healthcare Bill Affecting Social Workers essay Saba, Levit, and Elixhauser (2008) reported that there were approximately 1.4 million hospitalizations for mental health problems and disorders in 2006. In Massachusetts, approximately 2000 adults were admitted to either state or psychiatric hospitals in 2010 (SAMHSA Center for Mental Health Services, 2011). The following paper will present an investigation and analysis of the passage of House Bill No. 4681, which afforded licensed clinical social workers (LICSWs) the ability to authorize emergency hospitalization for those with mental health issues who presented a risk of harm to themselves or others. Mental illness and mental health treatment will be defined and discussed, along with mental health issues in Massachusetts. The history of the bill and its path to law will be presented, along with the role of LICSWs in emergency hospitalizations. Lastly, the future of the law and its potential benefits to those with mental health issues and the community will be posited. History of the Topic Massachusetts Session Law, Chapter 278, Section 12 was recently modified in 2010 after House Bill No. 4681 was passed. The bill was an act authorizing licensed independent clinical social workers to apply for the emergency hospitalization of persons who pose a risk of harm to themselves or others due to mental illness (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010). The main aspects of the bill focused on people with mental illness and on LICSWs as a vital component in the decision to hospitalize a person who poses a risk of harm to himself or others due to mental illness on an emergency basis (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010). Prior to the passage of the bill, only physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and police officers could authorize an emergency hospitalization due to mental health issues (Gewirtz, 2010). Insel (2010) defined mental illness as a psychological or behavioral disorder that is usually associated with some distress or disability. Mental illness occurs on an individual basis and is not part of the average development or culture of a human being. The elements of mental disorder concentrate on behavioral, cognitive, affective, and perceptual disabilities and distress (Insel, 2010). Tohen (2003) identified two approaches towards the treatment of mental illness. The first method is traditional and includes treatment such as psychotherapy, medical treatment, electroconvulsive therapy, counseling, and peer counseling. The second approach is psychoeducational and provides people with basic information about their mental diagnosis and courses of treatment and management (Tohen, 2003). The approaches towards understanding mental health and mental illness have altered over the time. Different cultures have distinctive criteria for their evaluations of mental illness and there are varied systems for the evaluation and diagnosis of mental disorders and disabilities. For example, various mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with the rate of harm that may be caused to other people (Gazzaniga, 2006). According to Gazzaniga (2006), approximately 30% of people have a mental health diagnosis during their lifetime, the majority of which are temporary disorders caused by stressors. Population Affected People with mental health issues and LICSWs are affected by the law. LICSWs are afforded additional permissions concerning people with mental illness who require treatment and hospitalization. Reamer (2007) stated that LICSWs are regarded as health practitioners, who usually are the first to diagnosis and to implement treatment. Currently, LICSWs are an integrated part of a multidisciplinary team in settings such as hospitals, community mental health centers, schools, elder care agencies, child welfare agencies, and private practice offices (Fischer, 2007). LICSWs primarily focus on the mental, behavioral and emotional well-being of people. This holistic approach is apparent in the professional duties of an LICSW as they focus on the person in the environment, not just the mental health diagnosis. LICSWs are an integral part of treatment planning teams for clients. The professional practices of LICSWs are regulated by state licensure laws and requirements and these laws and regulations are practice guidelnes for LICSWs. Therefore, there are basic requirements one must fulfill before achieving LICSW status, such as earning a Masters in Social Work (MSW) degree that ideally is from a school accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) and post-graduate clinical experience in a setting supervised by a LICSW (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2005). Status of the Problem Current mental health care in Massachusetts is often categorized by lengthy wait lists for community-based services. Due to inadequate funding and a lack of service providers, people with mental illness are not receiving the care they require to maintain stability. People with mental illness often struggle with homelessness and eventually seek emergency treatment in hospital emergency rooms. Approximately 3.9% of adults with mental illness in Massachusetts reported being homeless (SAHMSA Center for Mental Health Services, 2011). Also, many with mental health issues are involved with the criminal justice system (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill [NAMI], 2004). NASW and others advocated for the passage of House Bill No. 4681 to help improve the current situation by allowing another trained professional to decide if a person requires emergency hospitalization (NASW, 2010). History of the Bill House Bill No. 4681 was filed by Harriet Stanley, Democratic Representative from the 2nd Essex district, on May 17, 2010. The bill was recommended by the Joint Committee on Health Care Financing, as a substitute for House Bill No. 3465 with the same title (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010). The NASW (2010) stated that the bill was important because at the time, social workers were already assessing clients who were experiencing suicidal or homicidal ideation. LICSWs were trained to determine and assess if a client is a danger to himself or herself, but were unable to authorize the client to receive the proper emergency mental health treatment. A majority of states allowed LICSWs to authorize emergency hospital services (NASW, 2010). Literature Review Research supports social workers being able to determine if a person requires emergency mental health treatment. Social workers in hospital settings are often referred the patients with the most complex presentation and disposition (Hamilton, Manias, Maude, Marjoribanks, Cook, 2004). Several research studies have supported the notion that social workers are effective practitioners in emergency room departments (Gordon, 2001; Ross, Roberts, Campbell, Solomon, Brouhard, 2004), where approximately 6.24% of patients are given a psychiatric diagnosis (Kunen Mandry, 2006). Social workers learn a variety of skills during their educational preparation that enable them to successfully assess those who may require a psychiatric hospitalization. Barker (1997) defines assessment as the gathering and interpreting of information to inform action (as cited in Hamilton, Manias, Maude, Marjoribanks, Cook, 2004, p. 683). In both medical and community-based settings, social workers are often consu lted when a patient presents with economic and social problems that may impact the admission decision in a negative manner (Auerbach, Mason, Heft LaPorte, 2007). Social workers often pay attention to the social context of the individual, individuals rights and choices, social needs, and family support while assessing clients. When social workers are involved in the assessment and admission process of a patient, they often meet with the patients families, assess the families ability to care for the patient in the community, and make referrals for outpatient treatment (Hamilton, Manias, Maude, Marjoribanks, Cook, 2004). Mental health issues and mental illness are present worldwide and treatment differs around the world. In many of the worlds countries, there is legislation to regulate mental health treatment. The decision to hospitalize on an emergency basis those with mental health issues has been debated in the international community. Proponents consider emergency hospitalization as a necessary measure to protect other citizens and dissenters regard it as a personal liberty and rights violation (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). The Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care were adapted by the United Nations in 1991. These principle established minimal human standards of practice in the mental health arena. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was enacted in 2006. The core purpose of the convention was to protect and enhance the rights of people with disabilities, including mental health disorders (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). The Path from Bill to Law The bill successfully traveled from the House to the Senate and was approved within two months. On May 20, 2011, the bill was reported from the Joint Committee on Health Care Financing and a new draft was recommended. On June 15, 2010, a new version of the bill was presented to the House and another reading was ordered. On July 6, 2010, the final version of the bill was presented to the House and then passed on to the Senate. On July 7, 2010, the bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Ethics and Rules. On 7/30/2010, the bill was heard in the Senate and the title of the bill was changed. The Senate then voted unanimously to pass the bill (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010). On August 9, 2010, Governor Deval Patrick signed the bill into law (Gewirtz, 2010). The law as it applies specifically to LICSWs reads that: or a licensed independent clinical social worker licensed pursuant to sections 130 to 137, inclusive, of chapter 112 who, after examining a person, has reason to believe that failure to hospitalize such person would create a likelihood of serious harm by reason of mental illness may restrain or authorize the restraint of such person and apply for the hospitalization of such person for a 3-day period at a public facility or at a private facility authorized for such purposes by the department. (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010). Future of the Law There is potential for benefit to the community following the passage of the law. LICSWs now have the ability to complete and sign Section 12s, potentially reducing the risk to the client, themselves, and the public (Gewirtz, 2010). Unnecessary psychiatric admissions can be reduced when social workers assess patients. McLeod, Bywaters, and Cook (2003) reported that many emergency rooms in Britain employ social workers to help reduce unneeded psychiatric admissions. When compared to physicians, nurses, and psychologists, social workers were found to recommend psychiatric hospital admissions least (Streiner, Goodman, Woodward, 1975). Gordon (2001) found that a cost-benefit analysis model revealed that employing social workers in emergency rooms resulted in savings for large psychiatric facilities. Also, social workers in emergency rooms reduce hospital admissions through utilizing outpatient services because they are familiar with outpatient services in the area (Gordon, 2001). Conclusion The profession of social work has been around and actively assisting people in a lot of places with health and also in the social welfare, this include mental health, in American ethnic communities, welfare of the family, the care of the aged care and also in the welfare of the migrants in our country. The social works have adopted such methods in their profession such as personal counseling, engaging in community work, being part of working in groups, engagement in social action, involvement in social planning and also in the formulation of social policy. Social workers training and also environment have programs that prepare social workers to deliver in the environment of mental health. The issue of mental health care is a crucial ingredient in Americas healthcare safety net, by giving the LICSWs the responsibility over patients with mental health issues; we allow better treatment and care of this significant group of Americas. It allows the improvement and provision of quality hea lthcare in America. The legislation helps patients with mental health issues to have access to better diagnosis, provision of a comprehensive care and treatment. The bill will work in the provision of dignity, respect and provide some solutions to the problem of mental health issues. Buy custom Mental Healthcare Bill Affecting Social Workers essay

A Portrait of Dorian Gray

Dorian Gray's portrait He began to wonder if we could make psychology absolutely scientific, Sir Henry says how to manipulate it with the power of the mind When Dorian talked about hope of fate and exchange of portrait, he reached a contract with one of his own hooligans, not a contract with the king of darkness I have not. The picture of Dorian Gray starts on the beautiful summer day in the UK Victorian. There, the self-righteous Lord Henry Wharton is observing the painting of Dorian Gray by the sensitive artist Basil Holward. Portrait, this is a handsome young man, Basil 's ultimate muse. Dorian sat next to the picture and heard that Lord Henry supported his hedonistic world view and began to think that beauty is the only aspect of pursuit of life. This urged Dorian that his portrait would like to take years instead of himself. One of the main purposes of the story is a portrait of Dorian Gray. This portrait shows Dorian's sin, evil, and aging so that Dorian can maintain youth and beauty. Dorian Faust exchanged his spirit to express youth and beauty, which enabled this. Initially, basil was afraid to advertise his Dorian's portrait. It is because he revealed the secret of Basil 's soul, afraid that it would show a painter (basil) than the theme (Dorian). According to the explanation, Basil was concerned about his evidence of the traces left by portraits and the charm of Durian Gray, because homosexuality was highly stigmatized in Victorian England. In fact, Dorian was portrayed as innocent, and basil seemed to have seen him. There are literal portraits, but Durian Gray is a portrait. Since operation is art, Henry seems to be amused with his ability to influence and manipulate others, including Dorian. Pictures of Dorian Gray begin in England's Victorian summer and Sir Henry Watton is observing Dorian Gray painted by a sensitive artist Basil Hallword. Portrait, he is a handsome young man, basil's ultimate muse. While drawing a picture for this picture, Durian listens to His major Henry to support his hedonistic worldview, pursuing happiness is the only thing worth pursuing in life I started thinking about it. This urged Dorian to hope his painted image hopes to take his age instead. This book began with the artist's picture by Basil Hallward, Dorian Gray, reminiscent of Grey's aging and loss of beauty. This relationship between portraits is a way to explore the relationship between the outside world and self. How sad it is! I will get old, worse, and it will be terrible, it will be older than this special day in June ... if that is just another way! If it is always young, and that old picture! For this - I give everything! Yes there is nothing I will not give to the whole world! I will pay my soul for it I will!

Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Toyota - Essay Example To be specific about the operational aspects of Toyota, major focus areas involve its ‘supply chain management’: outsourcing to externalize its direct costs and lowering down the market risks to least. Effectively established Just-in-time (JIT) set-up to minimize inventory costs and reducing wastes, further, keeping a look at the suppliers’ channel to avoid any risks and errors. Adding to this, Toyota preferred delegating its tasks singly to the concerned specialist workers rather than giving multiple tasks to single worker. This helped in reducing errors as each task was handled by its specialist. Toyota constantly kept on identifying its errors and designing the related handling processes. Reducing process timing and increase in inventory turnover through kanban was also well-practiced by Toyota. Toyota ensures safety, environmental concern, quality performance of products and other essential attractions on affordable prices, by collecting the needs and expectat ions directly from the customers. Hence, the primary contact with the users bring the ‘customer involvement policy’ of Toyota which entitles ‘Customer First’ as its focus-line of working, clarifying that it leads to ‘Quality’ which is a distinguishing characteristic of Toyota products.